Question 1

What is Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin is a medication classified as an anticonvulsant or antiepileptic drug. It works by modulating the electrical activity within the central nervous system to help stabilize nerve cells.

This mechanism of action is intended to reduce the frequency and severity of abnormal brain impulses. By regulating these signals, the medication helps maintain more stable neurological function.

Question 2

What is Phenytoin used for?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin is used to treat:

Tonic-clonic seizures

Complex partial seizures

Status epilepticus prophylaxis

Question 3

How does Phenytoin work?

Accepted Answer

Mechanism of Action

Phenytoin belongs to a class of medications called anticonvulsants. It works by stabilizing the electrical activity of nerve cells in the brain to prevent seizures from occurring or spreading.

Stabilizing Nerve Cells

Seizures are caused by sudden, abnormal, and excessive electrical discharges in the brain. Phenytoin helps manage this by:

Limiting electrical spread: It helps prevent abnormal electrical signals from spreading to other parts of the brain, which can stop a localized seizure from becoming more severe.

Regulating sodium levels: The medication affects the movement of sodium ions in and out of nerve cells. By slowing the flow of sodium, it makes the nerve cells less likely to fire excessively or become overexcited.

By keeping the brain's electrical signals within a normal range, phenytoin helps reduce the frequency and intensity of seizure episodes.

Question 4

What are the brand names for Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin is sold under the brand names:

Dilantin

Phenytek

Dilantin-125

Question 5

What are the active ingredients in Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

The active ingredient in Phenytoin is phenytoin .

Question 6

What are the side effects of Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

Common side effects of Phenytoin may include:

dizziness

drowsiness

gingival hyperplasia

and others

Always consult with a healthcare professional about potential side effects.

Question 7

What drug class is Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin belongs to the anticonvulsant drug class.

Question 8

What is the dosage of Phenytoin and how do I take it?

Accepted Answer

Administration Methods

Phenytoin is available as extended-release capsules, chewable tablets, and an oral suspension. It can also be administered by injection in a clinical setting.

Oral Formulations

Extended-release capsules: These should be swallowed whole. Do not crush, chew, or open them.

Chewable tablets: These must be chewed thoroughly before swallowing.

Oral suspension: Shake the liquid well before each dose. Use a marked measuring spoon or cup rather than a household spoon to ensure the correct amount is taken.

It is important to take phenytoin at the same time each day to maintain steady levels in the blood. If you are receiving tube feedings, talk to your doctor about the timing of your doses, as certain nutritional products can affect how the drug is absorbed.

Consistency and Brand Changes

Do not switch between different brands or generic versions of phenytoin without consulting your healthcare provider. Different products may be absorbed differently by the body, which can affect how well the medication works or increase the risk of side effects.

Missed Doses

If you miss a dose, take it as soon as you remember. However, if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose, skip the missed dose and continue with your regular schedule. Do not take two doses at once to make up for a missed one.

Question 9

Is Phenytoin safe during pregnancy and breastfeeding?

Accepted Answer

Pregnancy

Phenytoin is known to increase the risk of major birth defects, such as cleft lip, cleft palate, and heart malformations. These risks may be higher in women taking more than one anticonvulsant medication. Exposure in the womb can also lead to fetal hydantoin syndrome, which involves abnormalities of the face, limbs, and growth.

Taking phenytoin during pregnancy may cause bleeding problems in the newborn due to a decrease in blood-clotting factors. To help prevent this, healthcare providers may recommend vitamin K supplements for the mother during the final month of pregnancy and for the infant immediately after birth.

It is critical not to stop taking phenytoin suddenly if you become pregnant, as uncontrolled seizures can pose a serious threat to both the mother and the fetus. Patients are encouraged to discuss pregnancy planning and seizure management with their healthcare provider. Phenytoin may also make certain hormonal birth control methods less effective.

Breastfeeding

Phenytoin passes into breast milk in small concentrations. Because of the potential for side effects in the nursing infant, a decision should be made whether to discontinue nursing or discontinue the drug, taking into account the importance of the medicine to the mother. Mothers should consult their healthcare provider to weigh the benefits of breastfeeding against the potential risks to the baby.

Question 10

What forms and strengths does Phenytoin come in?

Accepted Answer

Phenytoin is available in several oral forms to accommodate different dosing needs:

Extended-release capsules: These contain phenytoin sodium and are designed to release the medication slowly into the bloodstream.

Prompt-release capsules: These also contain phenytoin sodium but release the medication more quickly than extended-release versions.

Chewable tablets: These contain phenytoin (acid) and are often used for patients who have difficulty swallowing capsules.

Oral suspension: This is a liquid form of phenytoin (acid). It must be shaken thoroughly before each dose to ensure the medication is evenly mixed.

Phenytoin is available as an injectable solution containing phenytoin sodium. This form is typically administered by a healthcare professional in a hospital or clinical setting, either as a slow intravenous (IV) injection or as an IV infusion.

It is important to note that phenytoin sodium (found in capsules and injections) and phenytoin (found in chewable tablets and suspension) are not equivalent in strength. Because they are absorbed differently by the body, a healthcare provider may need to adjust the dose if a patient switches between different forms or brands of the medication.

Question 11

What is the FDA approval status of Phenytoin?

Accepted Answer

FDA Approval and Indications

Phenytoin was first approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1939. It is indicated for the control of generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) and complex partial (psychomotor, temporal lobe) seizures. It is also approved for the prevention and treatment of seizures occurring during or following neurosurgery.

Boxed Warning

The FDA has issued a boxed warning specifically for the intravenous (IV) administration of phenytoin. Rapid intravenous infusion is associated with severe cardiovascular reactions, including low blood pressure (hypotension) and heart rhythm disturbances (arrhythmias). To reduce these risks, the FDA requires that the rate of IV administration be strictly limited and that cardiac monitoring be performed during and after the infusion.

Safety Communications and Precautions

The FDA has issued safety communications regarding the risk of serious and potentially fatal dermatologic reactions, including Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) and toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN). These risks are significantly higher in patients with the HLA-B*1502 genetic allele, which is more common in individuals of Asian descent. The FDA recommends considering genetic screening for at-risk populations before starting phenytoin therapy.

Like other antiepileptic drugs, phenytoin carries a general FDA-mandated warning regarding an increased risk of suicidal thoughts or behavior. Patients and caregivers are advised to monitor for any changes in mood, symptoms of depression, or unusual behavior while taking this medication.

Question 12

What should I know about Phenytoin and withdrawal?

Accepted Answer

Risks of Sudden Discontinuation

It is critical not to stop taking phenytoin or change your dosage without medical supervision. Abruptly ending treatment can lead to a significant increase in seizure frequency. The most serious risk is status epilepticus, a condition where seizures occur continuously or so frequently that the person does not regain consciousness between them.

Gradual Tapering

When phenytoin treatment needs to be discontinued, healthcare providers usually recommend a gradual reduction in dosage. This tapering process is designed to prevent the sudden onset of severe seizures. If you miss doses or are unable to take your medication, contact your doctor immediately to discuss how to safely manage your treatment.

Always follow your provider's specific instructions for lowering your dose to ensure your safety during the transition. If you experience an increase in seizures or new types of seizures while your dose is being adjusted, seek medical attention immediately.

Phenytoin

📋Overview

What It's Used For

How It Works

Brand Names

Side Effects

Warnings & Precautions

Dosage & How to Take

Pregnancy & Breastfeeding

Forms & Strengths

FDA / Regulatory Status

Withdrawal Information

FAQ

Additional Resources

Support & Help Resources

📚References

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